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[1] [2] In exchange for carbohydrate energy resources, the fungus provides benefits to the plant which can include increased water or nutrient uptake and protection from phytophagous insects, birds or mammals. [3] Once associated, the fungi alter nutrient content of the plant and enhance or begin production of secondary metabolites. [4]
Blooming cyanobacteria can produce cyanotoxins in such concentrations that they can poison and even kill animals and humans. Cyanotoxins can also accumulate in other animals such as fish and shellfish, and cause poisonings such as shellfish poisoning. Some of the most powerful natural poisons known are cyanotoxins.
It is presumed that this disrupts the binding of the fungicide to the protein, rendering the fungicide ineffective. Upregulation of target genes can also render the fungicide ineffective. This is seen in DMI-resistant strains of Venturia inaequalis. [10] Resistance to fungicides can also be developed by efficient efflux of the fungicide out of ...
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Lightning strikes kill or injure plants, from root crops like beet and potato, which are instantly cooked in the ground, to trees such as coconut, through effects such as sudden heat and pressure shock waves created when water inside the plant flashes to steam. This can rupture stems and scorch any plant parts. [8] Ozone, a gas, causes injury ...
Plants may die in severe cases. Pre-emergent herbicides contacting the plants' root system via the soil will cause yellowing foliage. Effects of soil borne herbicide may take several years to clear. [1] Bare-root roses: Plant in late autumn at leaf fall, and from late winter to early spring, before growth resumes.
RNAi can be mixed with a silicone surfactant that lets the RNA molecules enter air-exchange holes in the plant's surface. This disrupted the gene for tolerance long enough to let the herbicide work. This strategy would allow the continued use of glyphosate-based herbicides. [11] They can be made with enough precision to target specific insect ...
They generally do not kill the host plant but can severely reduce growth and yield. [7] Cereal crops can be devastated in one season; oak trees infected in the main stem within their first five years by the rust Cronartium quercuum often die. [8] Germinating urediniospore of Puccinia graminis, model from the late 19th century, Botanical Museum ...