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Since the variants used in Germany almost always produce very proportional results, the proportionality is emphasized over the mixed nature of the electoral system, and it is essentially considered a localized or personalized form of PR, used instead of conventional open-list systems. The new modified federal election system does not allow ...
Poster for the European Parliament election 2004 in Italy, showing party lists. Party-list proportional representation (list-PR) is a system of proportional representation based on preregistered political parties, with each party being allocated a certain number of seats roughly proportional to their share of the vote.
In Germany, the state list or state electoral proposal, (German: Landesliste or Landeswahlvorschlag) is the list of candidates of a party for the election to the Bundestag, or the elections to those state parliaments with mixed-member proportional representation and for the European Parliament elections if a party decides on a state rather than a federal list. [1]
Exact proportionality is never achieved under PR systems, except by chance. The use of electoral thresholds that are intended to limit the influence of small, extreme parties will reduce proportionality in list systems, and any insufficiency of leveling seats will further reduce proportionality in Mixed-member proportional or Additional-member systems.
Under Germany's mixed member proportional system of election, the Bundestag has 299 constituencies (Wahlkreise (German: [ˈvaːlˌkʁaɪ̯zə] ⓘ), electoral districts), each of which may elect one member of the Bundestag by first-past-the-post voting (a plurality of votes).
Other dramatic events can be produced by the loophole often added in mixed-member proportional representation (used throughout Germany since 1949, New Zealand since 1993): there the threshold rule for party lists includes an exception for parties that won 3 (Germany) or 1 (New Zealand) single-member districts. The party list vote helps ...
Elections in Germany include elections to the Bundestag (Germany's federal parliament), the Landtags of the various states, and local elections.. Several articles in several parts of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany govern elections and establish constitutional requirements such as the secret ballot, and the requirement that all elections be conducted in a free and fair manner.
The dual-member mixed proportional (DMP) [1] [2] [3] voting method is a mixed electoral system using a localized list rule to elect two representatives in each district. [4] It is similar to other forms of mixed-member proportional representation, but differs from the better-known additional-member system in that all representatives are elected locally in small districts, rather than requiring ...