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Lateral pontine syndrome, also known as Marie-Foix syndrome or Marie-Foix-Alajouanine syndrome [1] is one of the brainstem stroke syndromes of the lateral aspect of the pons. A lateral pontine syndrome is a lesion which is similar to the lateral medullary syndrome , but because it occurs in the pons , it also involves the cranial nerve nuclei ...
Downward herniation can stretch branches of the basilar artery (pontine arteries), causing them to tear and bleed, known as a Duret hemorrhage. The result is usually fatal. [ 11 ] Other symptoms of this type of herniation include small, fixed pupils with [ 12 ] paralysis of upward eye movement giving the characteristic appearance of "sunset eyes".
Causes of the one and a half syndrome include pontine haemorrhage, ischemia, tumors, infective mass lesions such as tuberculomas, demyelinating conditions like multiple sclerosis, Arteriovenous malformation, Basilar artery aneurysms and Trauma. [3]
The superior pontine sulcus separates the pons from the midbrain. [7] Posteriorly, the pons curves on either side into a middle cerebellar peduncle. [4] A cross-section of the pons divides it into a ventral and a dorsal area. The ventral pons is known as the basilar part, and the dorsal pons is known as the pontine tegmentum. [3]
Medial inferior pontine syndrome is a condition associated with a contralateral hemiplegia. [ citation needed ] "Medial inferior pontine syndrome" has been described as equivalent to Foville's syndrome .
In children, the most common cause is a stroke of the ventral pons. [9]Unlike persistent vegetative state, in which the upper portions of the brain are damaged and the lower portions are spared, locked-in syndrome is essentially the opposite, caused by damage to specific portions of the lower brain and brainstem, with no damage to the upper brain.
A common cause of horizontal gaze palsies are strokes involving pontine structures, abducens nerve, or the motor cortex. [5] Horizontal gaze palsy has also been reported in cases of metastasis, [6] hemorrhage, [7] neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, [8] and multiple sclerosis.
A brainstem stroke syndrome falls under the broader category of stroke syndromes, or specific symptoms caused by vascular injury to an area of brain (for example, the lacunar syndromes).