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Physiological states of amenorrhoea are most commonly seen during pregnancy and lactation (breastfeeding). [1] Amenorrhoea is a symptom with many potential causes. [2] Primary amenorrhea is defined as an absence of secondary sexual characteristics by age 13 with no menarche or normal secondary sexual characteristics but no menarche by 15 years ...
Tobacco use during pregnancy [10] Illicit drug use during pregnancy [11] Having had PROM or preterm delivery in previous pregnancies [8] Polyhydramnios: too much amniotic fluid [9] Multiple gestation: being pregnant with two or more fetuses at one time [8] Having had episodes of bleeding anytime during the pregnancy [8]
There are health risks to the woman in continuing the pregnancy (e.g. she has pre-eclampsia). Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM); this is when the membranes have ruptured, but labor does not start within a specific amount of time. [2] Premature termination of the pregnancy (abortion). Fetal death in utero and previous history of stillbirth.
Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis (APD) occurs during the luteal phase of a woman's menstrual cycle and is an uncommon cyclic premenstrual reaction to progesterone. It can present itself in several ways, including eczema , erythema multiforme , urticaria , angioedema , and progesterone-induced anaphylaxis . [ 2 ]
Mothers who breastfed exclusively longer showed a longer span of lactational amenorrhea, ranging from an average of 5.3 months in mothers who breastfed exclusively for only two months to an average of 9.6 months in mothers who did so for six months. [10] Another factor shown to affect the length of amenorrhea was the mother's age.
Etonogestrel is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. [16] It works by stopping ovulation , thickening the mucus around the opening of the cervix , and altering the lining of the uterus . [ 17 ]
The initial workup includes exclusion of pregnancy and cancer, by performing a pregnancy test, a pelvic exam and a gynecologic ultrasound. Further workup depends on outcomes of the preceding tests and may include hydrosonography , hysteroscopy , endometrial biopsy , and magnetic resonance imaging .
Prolactin is crucial for milk production during pregnancy and lactation. Together with estrogen, progesterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and hormones from the placenta, prolactin stimulates the proliferation of breast alveolar elements during pregnancy. However, lactation is inhibited during pregnancy due to elevated estrogen levels ...