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An eye chart is a chart used to measure visual acuity comprising lines of optotypes in ranges of sizes. Optotypes are the letters or symbols shown on an eye chart. [ 1 ] Eye charts are often used by health care professionals, such as optometrists , physicians and nurses , to screen persons for vision impairment .
For 6/6 = 1.0 acuity, the size of a letter on the Snellen chart or Landolt C chart is a visual angle of 5 arc minutes (1 arc min = 1/60 of a degree), which is a 43 point font at 20 feet. [10] By the design of a typical optotype (like a Snellen E or a Landolt C), the critical gap that needs to be resolved is 1/5 this value, i.e., 1 arc min.
The Jaeger chart is a card on which paragraphs of text are printed, with the text sizes increasing from 0.37 mm to 2.5 mm. [15] This card is to be held by a patient at a fixed distance from the eye dependent on the J size being read. The smallest print that the patient can read determines their near visual acuity.
The pupil of the human eye can range in size from 2 mm to over 8 mm to adapt to the environment The human eye can detect a luminance from 10 −6 cd/m 2 , or one millionth (0.000001) of a candela per square meter to 10 8 cd/m 2 or one hundred million (100,000,000) candelas per square meter.
The Jaeger chart is an eye chart used in testing near visual acuity. It is a card on which paragraphs of text are printed, with the text sizes increasing from 0.37 mm to 2.5 mm. [ 1 ] This card is to be held by a patient at a fixed distance from the eye dependent on the J size being read.
Some clinics do not have 6-metre eye lanes available, and either a half-size chart subtending the same angles at 3 metres (9.8 ft), or a reversed chart projected and viewed by a mirror is used to achieve the correct sized letters. In the most familiar acuity test, a Snellen chart is placed at a standard distance: 6 metres.
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The pupil size is measured, its shape and any asymmetry is tested. A commonly used abbreviation to describe normal pupils is PERRLA (pupils equal, round and reactive to light and accommodation). Pupillary light reflex is tested by having the patient stare into the distance as the examiner shines the penlight obliquely into each pupil. Pupillary ...