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Stool osmotic gap is a measurement of the difference in solute types between serum and feces, used to distinguish among different causes of diarrhea. Feces is normally in osmotic equilibrium with blood serum, which the human body maintains between 290–300 mOsm/kg. [ 1 ]
Urine osmolality in humans can range from approximately 50 to 1200 mOsm/kg, depending on whether the person has recently drunk a large quantity of water (the lower number) or has gone without water for a long time (the higher number). [2] Plasma osmolality with typical fluid intake often averages approximately 290 mOsm/kg H 2 O in humans. [2]
This measurement gives the true plasma osmolality. The calculated osmolality is then subtracted from the measured osmolality to provide the osmol gap, or the difference between these two values. If this gap falls within an acceptable range,(<10) then it is assumed that sodium, glucose, BUN are indeed the major dissolved ions and molecules in ...
Urine typically has a mild odor, but strong or unusual smells can indicate a problem. A strong ammonia scent could suggest dehydration. A foul or unusual smell could be a sign of a urinary tract ...
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It is not possible for the kidneys to produce urine with a specific gravity greater than 1.040 [40] but such readings can occur in urine that contains high-molecular weight substances, such as contrast dyes used in radiographic imaging. [38] Specific gravity is commonly measured with urine test strips, but refractometers may also be used. [41]
A urinalysis will typically show a decreased urine sodium level, a high urine creatinine-to-serum creatinine ratio, a high urine urea-to-serum urea ratio, and concentrated urine (determined by osmolality and specific gravity). None of these is particularly useful in diagnosis.
Diagnosis is based on clinical and laboratory findings of low serum osmolality and low serum sodium. [13] Urinalysis reveals a highly concentrated urine with a high fractional excretion of sodium (high sodium urine content compared to the serum sodium). [14] A suspected diagnosis is based on a serum sodium under 138.