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A flounder blending into its environment. World stocks of large predatory fish and large ground fish, including sole and flounder, were estimated in 2003 to be only about 10% of pre-industrial levels, largely due to overfishing. Most overfishing is due to the extensive activities of the fishing industry.
Lepidoblepharon ophthalmolepis, the scale-eyed flounder, is a species of citharid flounder found in the western Pacific Ocean, where it is found at depths from 310 to 428 m (1,017 to 1,404 ft). This species grows to a total length of 36 cm (14 in).
The starry flounder has a multitude of well studied behaviors that are exhibited on a daily basis. At a normal resting position the dorsal and anal fins are angled so to prevent the body from resting upon the substrate, support being given by the fins, so as to create a cushion of water between the fish and the substrate.
The rex sole is a right-eyed flounder with an elongate, oval-shaped body and a small mouth. Its upper surface is uniform in colour, light brown to grey, with small scales; its underside is off-white. The dorsal and ventral fins on the upper side are dark, and the pectoral fin is long and mostly black. The caudal fin is rounded.
The Pacific and Atlantic halibut are the world's largest flatfish, with debate over which grows larger. [6] [7] [8] Halibut are dark brown on the top side with a white to off-white underbelly and have very small scales invisible to the naked eye embedded in their skin. [9]
The European flounder is oval in shape and is usually right-eyed. It normally grows about 30 cm in length, although lengths of up to 60 cm have been recorded. The upper surface is usually dull brown or olive in colour with reddish spots and brown blotches and this fish can change colour to suit its background, providing an effective camouflage.
The Gulf Stream flounder is a lefteyed flatfish whose mouth that lies about adjacent to its eyes. The defining characteristic of the Gulf Stream flounder is its large scales, which number about 40 on its lateral line. The left pectoral fin is noticeably longer than the right side pectoral fin.
The smallmouth flounder is a lefteyed flatfish, and is therefore very thin when lying on its side. Its mouth and eyes lie on the same side of its body, and are small compared to the rest of its head, and the lateral line has approximately 41 to 45 scales. The left pelvic fin lies below the lateral line, about one quarter down its body.
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