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Underground farming is the practice of cultivating food underground. Underground farming is usually done using hydroponics , aeroponics or air-dynaponics systems or container gardens . Light is generally provided by means of growth lamps [ 1 ] or daylighting systems (as light tubes ).
The most significant of these is reduced water consumption and controlled nutrient usage. Hydroponic systems can use up to 90% less water when compared to conventional farming. Also, in hydroponic systems, water and nutrients are recirculated in a controlled environment, eliminating runoff and the discharge of pollutants into local waterways. [59]
Aquaponics is a food production system that couples aquaculture (raising aquatic animals such as fish, crayfish, snails or prawns in tanks) with hydroponics (cultivating plants in water) whereby the nutrient-rich aquaculture water is fed to hydroponically grown plants.
For example, hydroponics uses ten to twenty times less land and ten times less water than conventional agriculture, while eliminating chemical pesticides, fertilizer runoff, and carbon emissions from farm machinery and long-distance transport. [10]
It is possible to farm it in 100% seawater and directly connect its cultivation system to an aquaculture system for a wide range of fish species. [2] Common ice plant is known to accumulate high levels of heavy metals when grown in soil. This new system enables the farming of safe-to-eat organic ice plant by removing it from this environment. [2]
Lettuce grown in indoor vertical farming system. Vertical farming is the practice of growing crops in vertically and horizontally stacked layers. [1] It often incorporates controlled-environment agriculture, which aims to optimize plant growth, and soilless farming techniques such as hydroponics, aquaponics, and aeroponics. [1]
Organic hydroponics is a hydroponics culture system based on organic agriculture concepts that does not use synthetic inputs such as fertilizers or pesticides. In organic hydroponics, nutrient solutions are derived from plant and animal material or naturally mined substances. [ 1 ]
When creating chinampas, in addition to building up masses of land, a drainage system was developed. [6] This drainage system was multi-purposed. A ditch was created to allow for the flow of water and sediments (likely including night soil). [7] Over time, the ditch would slowly accumulate piles of mud. [6]