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An amortization calculator is used to determine the periodic payment amount due on a loan (typically a mortgage), based on the amortization process. [ 1 ] The amortization repayment model factors varying amounts of both interest and principal into every installment, though the total amount of each payment is the same.
In this analysis, the nominal rate is the stated rate, and the real interest rate is the interest after the expected losses due to inflation. Since the future inflation rate can only be estimated, the ex ante and ex post (before and after the fact) real interest rates may be different; the premium paid to actual inflation (higher or lower).
For example, a nominal interest rate of 6% compounded monthly is equivalent to an effective interest rate of 6.17%. 6% compounded monthly is credited as 6%/12 = 0.005 every month. After one year, the initial capital is increased by the factor (1 + 0.005) 12 ≈ 1.0617. Note that the yield increases with the frequency of compounding.
A discount rate [2] is applied to calculate present value. For an interest-bearing security, coupon rate is the ratio of the annual coupon amount (the coupon paid per year) per unit of par value, whereas current yield is the ratio of the annual coupon divided by its current market price.
Note: Fixed-rate mortgage interest may be compounded differently in other countries, such as in Canada, where it is compounded every 6 months. The fixed monthly payment for a fixed rate mortgage is the amount paid by the borrower every month that ensures that the loan is paid off in full with interest at the end of its term.
Let’s say that you set aside $10,000 in a high-yield savings account that earns 4.50% APY. You’ll earn about $450 in guaranteed interest over the first year while keeping your money protected.
If the tax rate is denoted as t, the before-tax nominal earning rate is i, the amount of taxes paid (per dollar or other unit invested) is i × t, and so the after-tax nominal earning is i × (1–t). Hence the expected after-tax real return to the investor, using the simplified approximate Fisher equation above, is given by
This is a return of US$20,000 divided by US$100,000, which equals 20 percent. The US$20,000 is paid in 5 irregularly-timed installments of US$4,000, with no reinvestment, over a 5-year period, and with no information provided about the timing of the installments. The rate of return is 4,000 / 100,000 = 4% per year.