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If the points in the joint probability distribution of X and Y that receive positive probability tend to fall along a line of positive (or negative) slope, ρ XY is near +1 (or −1). If ρ XY equals +1 or −1, it can be shown that the points in the joint probability distribution that receive positive probability fall exactly along a straight ...
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A probability metric D between two random variables X and Y may be defined, for example, as (,) = | | (,) where F(x, y) denotes the joint probability density function of the random variables X and Y.
where P(t) is the transition matrix of jump t, i.e., P(t) is the matrix such that entry (i,j) contains the probability of the chain moving from state i to state j in t steps. As a corollary, it follows that to calculate the transition matrix of jump t , it is sufficient to raise the transition matrix of jump one to the power of t , that is
This rule allows one to express a joint probability in terms of only conditional probabilities. [4] The rule is notably used in the context of discrete stochastic processes and in applications, e.g. the study of Bayesian networks, which describe a probability distribution in terms of conditional probabilities.
The von Neumann extractor is a randomness extractor that depends on exchangeability: it gives a method to take an exchangeable sequence of 0s and 1s (Bernoulli trials), with some probability p of 0 and = of 1, and produce a (shorter) exchangeable sequence of 0s and 1s with probability 1/2.
where ^ is the location of a mode of the joint target density, also known as the maximum a posteriori or MAP point and is the positive definite matrix of second derivatives of the negative log joint target density at the mode = ^. Thus, the Gaussian approximation matches the value and the log-curvature of the un-normalised target density at the ...
In probability theory, the Bapat–Beg theorem gives the joint probability distribution of order statistics of independent but not necessarily identically distributed random variables in terms of the cumulative distribution functions of the random variables. Ravindra Bapat and M.I. Beg published the theorem in 1989, [1] though they did not ...