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  2. Helmholtz reciprocity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_reciprocity

    Intuitively, "If I can see you, you can see me." Like the principles of thermodynamics, in suitable conditions, this principle is reliable enough to use as a check on the correct performance of experiments, in contrast with the usual situation in which the experiments are tests of a proposed law. [1] [12]

  3. Huygens–Fresnel principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huygens–Fresnel_principle

    He was able to provide a qualitative explanation of linear and spherical wave propagation, and to derive the laws of reflection and refraction using this principle, but could not explain the deviations from rectilinear propagation that occur when light encounters edges, apertures and screens, commonly known as diffraction effects.

  4. Fresnel equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_equations

    The relationship between these angles is given by the law of reflection: =, and Snell's law: ⁡ = ⁡. The behavior of light striking the interface is explained by considering the electric and magnetic fields that constitute an electromagnetic wave , and the laws of electromagnetism , as shown below .

  5. Falsifiability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability

    Criteria that require that a law must be predictive, just as is required by falsifiability (when applied to laws), Popper wrote, "have been put forward as criteria of the meaningfulness of sentences (rather than as criteria of demarcation applicable to theoretical systems) again and again after the publication of my book, even by critics who ...

  6. Logical positivism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivism

    Logical positivism, later called logical empiricism, and both of which together are also known as neopositivism, is a movement whose central thesis is the verification principle (also known as the verifiability criterion of meaning). [1]

  7. 'Unprecedented criminal effort': What Trump's lawyers say is ...

    www.aol.com/jack-smith-final-report-trump...

    According to a court filing from Trump's defense lawyers Monday, a draft version of the report asserts that Trump "engaged in an unprecedented criminal effort," violated multiple federal laws, and ...

  8. AI Versus Age-Verification Laws - AOL

    www.aol.com/news/ai-versus-age-verification-laws...

    Proponents of online age verification laws say they're needed to stop teenagers and children from using social media or seeing adult content. But even if you agree with this goal in theory, its ...

  9. Scientific law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_law

    Scientific laws or laws of science are statements, based on repeated experiments or observations, that describe or predict a range of natural phenomena. [1] The term law has diverse usage in many cases (approximate, accurate, broad, or narrow) across all fields of natural science (physics, chemistry, astronomy, geoscience, biology).