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Fixation (German: Fixierung) [1] is a concept (in human psychology) that was originated by Sigmund Freud (1905) to denote the persistence of anachronistic sexual traits. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The term subsequently came to denote object relationships with attachments to people or things in general persisting from childhood into adult life.
The following diagnostic systems and rating scales are used in psychiatry and clinical psychology. This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. For instance, in the category of depression, there are over two dozen depression rating scales that have been developed in the past eighty years.
Fixation (psychology) – Concept in psychology; Moral insanity – Obsolete term for type of mental disorder; Obsessive–compulsive disorder – Mental and behavioral disorder; Personality disorder – Maladaptive patterns of behavior; Psychosis – Abnormal condition of the mind; Thought disorder – Disorder of thought form, content or stream
Some depression rating scales are completed by patients. The Beck Depression Inventory, for example, is a 21-question self-report inventory that covers symptoms such as irritability, fatigue, weight loss, lack of interest in sex, and feelings of guilt, hopelessness or fear of being punished. [11]
Other disorders need to be ruled out before diagnosing major depressive episodes. Differential diagnoses include, but are not limited to: [24] [7] Adjustment disorder; Anxiety disorder (Generalized anxiety, PTSD, obsessive-compulsive disorder) Bipolar disorder; Bipolar II disorder; Cyclothymic disorder; Depression due to a general medical condition
MCT is a time-limited therapy which usually takes place between 8–12 sessions. The therapist uses discussions with the patient to discover their metacognitive beliefs, experiences and strategies. The therapist then shares the model with the patient, pointing out how their particular symptoms are caused and maintained.
For example, the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ) [10] was administered to a sample of college students and a sample of psychiatric patients. The correlations between the specific anxiety scale (anxious arousal) in the MASQ and NA were moderate (rs= .41 and .47), supporting that NA is specific to anxiety disorders, congruent with ...
In bipolar disorder, specifiers describe the nature of a current episode, such as the levels of anxiety, melancholia, and psychosis, and whether moods are congruent with behavior or incongruent. [3] They also describe the ongoing nature of recurrent episodes, when they began, how often they occur, and the pattern of re-occurrence.