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A query includes a list of columns to include in the final result, normally immediately following the SELECT keyword. An asterisk ("*") can be used to specify that the query should return all columns of the queried tables. SELECT is the most complex statement in SQL, with optional keywords and clauses that include:
A hierarchical query is a type of SQL query that handles hierarchical model data. They are special cases of more general recursive fixpoint queries, which compute transitive closures . In standard SQL:1999 hierarchical queries are implemented by way of recursive common table expressions (CTEs).
The nested set model is a technique for representing nested set collections (also known as trees or hierarchies) in relational databases. It is based on Nested Intervals, that "are immune to hierarchy reorganization problem, and allow answering ancestor path hierarchical queries algorithmically — without accessing the stored hierarchy relation".
In relational databases, a nested table is a table that is embedded within another table. Individual elements can be inserted, updated, and deleted in a nested table. Since individual elements can be modified in a nested table, they are more flexible than an array because elements in an array can only be modified as a whole, not individually. A ...
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...
MySQL (/ ˌ m aɪ ˌ ɛ s ˌ k juː ˈ ɛ l /) [6] is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS). [6] [7] Its name is a combination of "My", the name of co-founder Michael Widenius's daughter My, [1] and "SQL", the acronym for Structured Query Language.
It was developed by MySQL AB, and enables users to graphically administer MySQL databases and visually design database structures. Adminer – free MySQL front end capable of managing multiple databases, with many CSS skins available. It is a light-weight alternative to phpMyAdmin, distributed under the Apache license (or GPL v2) as a single ...
A function is a subprogram written to perform certain computations. A scalar function returns only one value (or NULL), whereas a table function returns a (relational) table comprising zero or more rows, each row with one or more columns. Functions must return a value (using the RETURN keyword), but for stored procedures this is not mandatory.