Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
Robert Harding Whittaker (December 27, 1920 – October 20, 1980) was an American plant ecologist, active from the 1950s to the 1970s.He was the first to propose the five kingdom taxonomic classification of the world's biota into the Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera in 1969.
The five kingdom system may be combined with the two empire system. In the Whittaker system, Plantae included some algae. In other systems, such as Lynn Margulis's system of five kingdoms, the plants included just the land plants (Embryophyta), and Protoctista has a broader definition. [12]
The initial targets of Cavalier-Smith's classification, the protozoa were classified as members of the animal kingdom, [12] and many algae were regarded as part of the plant kingdom. With growing awareness that the animals and plants embraced unrelated taxa, the use of the two kingdom system was rejected by specialists.
The last commonly accepted mega-classification with the taxon Monera was the five-kingdom classification system was established by Robert Whittaker in 1969. Under the three-domain system of taxonomy , introduced by Carl Woese in 1977, which reflects the evolutionary history of life, the organisms found in kingdom Monera have been divided into ...
In 1969, life on earth was classified into five kingdoms, as introduced by Robert Whittaker. [29] Margulis became the most important supporter, as well as critic [30] – while supporting parts, she was the first to recognize the limitations of Whittaker's classification of microbes. [31]
Whittaker 1969 [7] Woese et al. 1977 [8] [9] Woese et al. 1990 [10] Cavalier-Smith 1993 [11] [12] [13] Cavalier-Smith 1998 [14] [15] [16] Ruggiero et al. 2015 [17] — — 2 empires: 2 empires: 2 empires: 2 empires: 3 domains: 3 superkingdoms 2 empires: 2 superkingdoms: 2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms — 4 kingdoms: 5 kingdoms: 6 kingdoms — 8 kingdoms ...
His 2004 classification treated the archaeobacteria as part of a subkingdom of the kingdom Bacteria, i.e., he rejected the three-domain system entirely. [72] Stefan Luketa in 2012 proposed a five "dominion" system, adding Prionobiota (acellular and without nucleic acid) and Virusobiota (acellular but with nucleic acid) to the traditional three ...
In some systems of biological classification, such as the popular five-kingdom scheme proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969, the protists make up a kingdom called Protista, composed of "organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-colonial and which form no tissues".