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With control of poliovirus infections in much of the world, more attention has been focused on understanding the nonpolio enteroviruses such as coxsackievirus. Coxsackieviruses are among the leading causes of aseptic meningitis (the other usual suspects being echovirus and mumps virus ).
Coxsackie A virus is a subgroup of enterovirus A, which are small, non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. Its protective, icosahedral capsid has an external portion that contains sixty copies of viral proteins (VP1,-2,-3) and an internal portion surrounding the RNA genome containing sixty copies of VP4 viral proteins.
Coxsackie B infections usually do not cause serious disease, although for newborns in the first 1–2 weeks of life, Coxsackie B infections can easily be fatal. [2] The pancreas is a frequent target, which can cause pancreatitis. [2] Coxsackie B3 (CB3) infections are the most common enterovirus cause of myocarditis and sudden cardiac death. [8]
Coxsackie b viruses are usually spread to infants through perinatal transmission. However, more severe cases of coxsackie B viruses are spread through transplacental transmission. Common symptoms of neonatal coxsackie B virus infection in children include meningitis and/or encephalitis.
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infection caused by a group of enteroviruses. [10] It typically begins with a fever and feeling generally unwell. [10] This is followed a day or two later by flat discolored spots or bumps that may blister, on the hands, feet and mouth and occasionally buttocks and groin.
Hand, foot and mouth disease is a childhood illness most commonly caused by infection by Coxsackie A virus or EV71. Encephalitis is rare manifestation of enterovirus infection; [49] when it occurs, the most frequent enterovirus found to be causing it is echovirus 9. Myocarditis is characterized by inflammation of the myocardium (cardiac muscle ...
Herpangina, also called mouth blisters, is a painful mouth infection caused by coxsackieviruses.Usually, herpangina is produced by one particular strain of coxsackie virus A (and the term "herpangina virus" refers to coxsackievirus A), [1] but it can also be caused by coxsackievirus B or echoviruses. [2]
Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXADR gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The protein encoded by this gene is a type I membrane receptor for group B coxsackie viruses and subgroup C adenoviruses .