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Large industrial pumps may also serve as the feedwater pump for returning the condensate under pressure to a boiler. Condensate pumps usually run intermittently and have a tank in which condensate can accumulate. Eventually, the accumulating liquid raises a float switch energizing the pump. The pump then runs until the level of liquid in the ...
Direct electric resistance tank water heaters are not included in the Energy Star program; however, the Energy Star program does include electric heat pump units with energy factors of 200% or higher. Tankless gas water heaters (as of 2015) must have an energy factor of 90% or higher for Energy Star qualification.
Heat traps are valves or loops of pipe on the cold water inlet and hot water outlet of water heaters. The heat traps allow cold water to flow into the water heater tank, but prevent unwanted natural convection and heated water to flow out of the tank. [1] [2] Newer water heaters have built-in heat traps.
Horizontal, centrifugal pumps for clear, cold fresh water 4 IS: 1536 Centrifugally cast (spun) iron pressure pipes for water, gas and sewage 5 IS: 1537 Vertically cast iron pressure pipes for water, gas and sewage 6 IS: 1710 Vertical turbine pumps for clear, cold fresh water 7 IS: 2002 Steel plates for boilers 8 IS: 2062
A thermal expansion valve is a key element to a heat pump; this is the cycle that makes air conditioning, or air cooling, possible. A basic refrigeration cycle consists of four major elements: a compressor, a condenser, a metering device and an evaporator. As a refrigerant passes through a circuit containing these four elements, air ...
Local generation has the potential for a higher efficiency than traditional grid-level generators since it lacks the 8-10% energy losses from transporting electricity over long distances. It also lacks the 10–15% energy losses from heat transport in heating networks due to the difference between the thermal energy carrier (hot water) and the ...
A pump as turbine (PAT), also known as a pump in reverse, is an unconventional type of reaction water turbine, which behaves in a similar manner to that of a Francis turbine. The function of a PAT is comparable to that of any turbine , to convert kinetic and pressure energy of the fluid into mechanical energy of the runner.
Typically, water is channeled from a high-level reservoir to a low-level reservoir, through turbine generators that generate electricity. This is done when the station is required to generate power. During low-demand periods, such as overnight, the generators are reversed to become pumps that move the water back up to the top reservoir.