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Spinal anaesthesia (or spinal anesthesia), also called spinal block, subarachnoid block, intradural block and intrathecal block, [1] is a form of neuraxial regional anaesthesia involving the injection of a local anaesthetic or opioid into the subarachnoid space, generally through a fine needle, usually 9 cm (3.5 in) long.
Serious complications of a properly performed lumbar puncture are extremely rare. [4] They include spinal or epidural bleeding, adhesive arachnoiditis and trauma to the spinal cord [10] or spinal nerve roots resulting in weakness or loss of sensation, or even paraplegia. The latter is exceedingly rare, since the level at which the spinal cord ...
A comparison between inhalation anesthetics and intravenous anesthetics to determine which were more likely to cause postoperative cognitive dysfunction when used in the elderly for non-cardiac surgery found that fewer people experienced POCD with total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) compared to inhalational anesthesia, however, these ...
An outgrowth of this committee, the Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation was created in 1985 as an independent, nonprofit corporation with the vision that "no patient shall be harmed by anesthesia". [25] The current mortality attributable to the management of general anesthesia is controversial. [26]
Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia in labouring women is associated with more pruritus if fentanyl (25 μg) is given intrathecally, than low-dose epidural analgesia. However, no difference has been found in the incidence of post dural puncture headache , requirement for epidural blood patch or maternal hypotension.
Anesthetic risk factors include the use of volatile anesthetics, nitrous oxide (N 2 O), opioids, and longer duration of anesthesia. Patient factors that confer increased risk for PONV include female gender, obesity , age less than 16 years, past history of motion sickness or chemotherapy-induced nausea, high levels of preoperative anxiety , and ...
Anesthesia is a combination of the endpoints (discussed above) that are reached by drugs acting on different but overlapping sites in the central nervous system. General anesthesia (as opposed to sedation or regional anesthesia) has three main goals: lack of movement , unconsciousness, and blunting of the stress response. In the early days of ...
The effects of early-life exposures to anesthesia on the brain in humans are controversial. Evidence from nonhuman primate research suggests significant developmental neurotoxicity and long-term social impairment, with a dose–response relationship where repeated exposures cause a more severe impact than single ones.