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Theorem — The number of strictly positive roots (counting multiplicity) of is equal to the number of sign changes in the coefficients of , minus a nonnegative even number. If b 0 > 0 {\displaystyle b_{0}>0} , then we can divide the polynomial by x b 0 {\displaystyle x^{b_{0}}} , which would not change its number of strictly positive roots.
For example, if the matrix is orthogonal, then 1 or −1 is an eigenvalue. ... But a polynomial of odd degree has an odd number of roots (fundamental theorem of algebra);
If the rational root test finds no rational solutions, then the only way to express the solutions algebraically uses cube roots. But if the test finds a rational solution r, then factoring out (x – r) leaves a quadratic polynomial whose two roots, found with the quadratic formula, are the remaining two roots of the cubic, avoiding cube roots.
Sturm's theorem expresses the number of distinct ... number is a root, and an isolation interval. For example ... Real Roots of Polynomial Equations" in Graphic Gems ...
For example, in the ring of the ... and k is the number of ... H. Gray (1930), "A short account of the history of symmetric functions of roots of equations", ...
The oldest method for computing the number of real roots, and the number of roots in an interval results from Sturm's theorem, but the methods based on Descartes' rule of signs and its extensions—Budan's and Vincent's theorems—are generally more efficient. For root finding, all proceed by reducing the size of the intervals in which roots ...
These numbers are roots of polynomials of degree 5 or higher, a result of Galois theory (see Quintic equations and the Abel–Ruffini theorem). For example, the equation: = has a unique real root, ≈ 1.1673, that cannot be expressed in terms of only radicals and arithmetic operations.
In the case of two nested square roots, the following theorem completely solves the problem of denesting. [2]If a and c are rational numbers and c is not the square of a rational number, there are two rational numbers x and y such that + = if and only if is the square of a rational number d.
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