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A water buffalo chewing cud. Chewing is primarily an unconscious (semi-autonomic) act, but can be mediated by higher conscious input.The motor program for mastication is a hypothesized central nervous system function by which the complex patterns governing mastication are created and controlled.
Cud is a portion of food that returns from a ruminant's stomach to the mouth to be chewed for the second time. More precisely, it is a bolus of semi-degraded food regurgitated from the reticulorumen of a ruminant. Cud is produced during the physical digestive process of rumination. [1]
The process of rechewing the cud to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion is called rumination. [2] [3] The word "ruminant" comes from the Latin ruminare, which means "to chew over again". The roughly 200 species of ruminants include both domestic and wild species. [4]
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The hare, for chewing the cud without having cloven hooves. [2] [5] The pig, for having cloven hooves without chewing the cud. [6] [7] While camels possess a single stomach, and are thus not true ruminants, they do chew cud; additionally, camels do not have hooves at all, but rather separate toes on individual toe pads, with hoof-like toenails.
The hippopotamus is a large, semi-aquatic mammal inhabiting rivers, lakes, and mangrove swamps. During the day, they remain cool by staying in the water or mud; reproduction and childbirth occur in water. They emerge at dusk to graze on grasses. While hippopotamuses rest near each other in the water, grazing is solitary.
Gardening is the most popular leisure activity in the U.S., and working with plants or horticulture therapy is beneficial for rehabilitating people with disabilities. Plants may also be grown or kept indoors as houseplants, or in specialized buildings such as greenhouses that are designed for the care and cultivation of living plants.
"The most common mistake people make when flavoring water is that they add a sugar-based flavor," says Julia Zumpano, RD, a registered dietitian with Cleveland Clinic’s Digestive Disease Institute.