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A water buffalo chewing cud. Chewing is primarily an unconscious (semi-autonomic) act, but can be mediated by higher conscious input.The motor program for mastication is a hypothesized central nervous system function by which the complex patterns governing mastication are created and controlled.
Cud is a portion of food that returns from a ruminant's stomach to the mouth to be chewed for the second time. More precisely, it is a bolus of semi-degraded food regurgitated from the reticulorumen of a ruminant. Cud is produced during the physical digestive process of rumination. [1]
Most ruminants do not have upper incisors; instead, they have a thick dental pad to thoroughly chew plant-based food. [28] Another feature of ruminants is the large ruminal storage capacity that gives them the ability to consume feed rapidly and complete the chewing process later.
The chewing of cud by animals such as cows, goats, and giraffes is considered normal behavior. These animals are known as ruminants. [8] Such behavior, though termed rumination, is not related to human rumination syndrome, but is ordinary. Involuntary rumination, similar to what is seen in humans, has been described in gorillas and other ...
Chimpanzees in multiple locations have been observed chewing on the shoots of bitter-tasting plants to soothe their stomachs. Gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos swallow certain rough leaves whole ...
The hare, for chewing the cud without having cloven hooves. [2] [5] The pig, for having cloven hooves without chewing the cud. [6] [7] While camels possess a single stomach, and are thus not true ruminants, they do chew cud; additionally, camels do not have hooves at all, but rather separate toes on individual toe pads, with hoof-like toenails.
Ruminants regurgitate their food as a normal part of digestion. During their idle time, they chew the regurgitated food and swallow it again, which increases digestibility by reducing particle size. [citation needed] Honey is produced by a process of regurgitation by honey bees, which is stored in the beehive as a primary food source.
Like lagomorphs, capybara create, expel & eat cecotropes to get more nutrition from their food. They may also regurgitate food to masticate again, similar to cud-chewing by a cow. [ 13 ] As with other rodents, the front teeth of capybara grow continually to compensate for the constant wear from eating grasses. [ 14 ]