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While the mechanisms by which a formulation affects bioavailability and bioequivalence have been extensively studied in drugs, formulation factors that influence bioavailability and bioequivalence in nutritional supplements are largely unknown. [21]
[1] [2] The effect is most associated with orally administered medications, but some drugs still undergo first-pass metabolism even when delivered via an alternate route (e.g., IV, IM, etc.). [3] During this metabolism, drug is lost during the process of absorption which is generally related to the liver and gut wall. The liver is the major ...
Bioavailability is a function of soil properties, time, environmental conditions, and plant and microbial characteristics [7]. Soil properties, such as pH, ion exchange capacity, soil organic matter content, texture and porosity influence bioavailability.
Factors such as poor compound solubility, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, chemical instability in the stomach, and inability to permeate the intestinal wall can all reduce the extent to which a drug is absorbed after oral administration. Absorption critically determines the compound's bioavailability.
Formulation studies then consider such factors as particle size, polymorphism, pH, and solubility, as all of these can influence bioavailability and hence the activity of a drug. The drug must be combined with inactive ingredients by a method that ensures that the quantity of drug present is consistent in each dosage unit e.g. each tablet.
Temperature may affect metabolic transformation, and bioenergetics. An example of this is the movement of the organism may change as well as rates of excretion. [15] If a contaminant is ionic, the change in pH that is influenced by a change in temperature may also influence the bioavailability [1]
Grapefruit juice increases the bioavailability of sildenafil, the active ingredient in Viagra. It also delays your body’s processing of sildenafil. It also delays your body’s processing of ...
Druglikeness is a qualitative concept used in drug design for how "druglike" a substance is with respect to factors like bioavailability. It is estimated from the molecular structure before the substance is even synthesized and tested. A druglike molecule has properties such as: