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  2. Reverse osmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis

    Brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) is the desalination of water with less salt than seawater, usually from river estuaries or saline wells. The process is substantially the same as SWRO, but requires lower pressures and less energy. [1] Up to 80% of the feed water input can be recovered as fresh water, depending on feed salinity.

  3. Osmotic pressure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_pressure

    Osmotic pressure is the basis of filtering ("reverse osmosis"), a process commonly used in water purification. The water to be purified is placed in a chamber and put under an amount of pressure greater than the osmotic pressure exerted by the water and the solutes dissolved in it.

  4. Solution-friction model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution-friction_model

    The solution-friction model (SF model) is a mechanistic transport model developed to describe the transport processes across porous membranes, such as reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF).

  5. Osmotic power - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_power

    Osmotic power, salinity gradient power or blue energy is the energy available from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water.Two practical methods for this are reverse electrodialysis (RED) and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO).

  6. Microfiltration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfiltration

    Reverse osmosis (RO) is the finest separation membrane process available, pore sizes range from 0.0001 μm to 0.001 μm. Reverse osmosis is able to retain almost all molecules except for water, and due to the size of the pores, the required osmotic pressure is significantly greater than that for microfiltration.

  7. Membrane fouling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_fouling

    Fouling of a membrane in different steps 1–5. 1) virgin membrane 2) pore narrowing 3) pore blocking 4) cake layer formation 5) cleaned membrane Membrane fouling is a process whereby a solution or a particle is deposited on a membrane surface or in membrane pores in a processes such as in a membrane bioreactor, [1] reverse osmosis, [2] forward osmosis, [3] membrane distillation, [4 ...

  8. Sidney Loeb - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Loeb

    The invention of the practical reverse osmosis membrane revolutionized water desalination. Loeb invented the power generating process pressure retarded osmosis (PRO)--making accessible a rich previously unknown source of green energy, and a method of producing power by a reverse electrodialysis (RED) heat engine, among other inventions in ...

  9. Silt density index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt_density_index

    The silt density index is a measure for the fouling capacity of water in reverse osmosis systems. The test measures the rate at which a 0.45-micrometre filter is plugged when subjected to a constant water pressure of 206.8 kPa (30 psi). The SDI gives the percent drop per minute in the flow rate of the water through the filter, averaged over a ...

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