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1954 – First edition of Avian Physiology published by Paul D. Sturkie. The work related mainly to domestic birds and especially poultry, but later editions of the work, now titled Sturkie's Avian Physiology include studies of wild birds.
The avian brain is the central organ of the nervous system in birds. Birds possess large, complex brains, which process, integrate, and coordinate information received from the environment and make decisions on how to respond with the rest of the body. Like in all chordates, the avian brain is contained within the skull bones of the head.
Anatomy of the avian eye. The main structures of the bird eye are similar to those of other vertebrates.The outer layer of the eye consists of the transparent cornea at the front, and two layers of sclera — a tough white collagen fibre layer which surrounds the rest of the eye and supports and protects the eye as a whole.
The avian brain is the central organ of the nervous system in birds. Birds possess large, complex brains, which process, integrate, and coordinate information received from the environment and make decisions on how to respond with the rest of the body. Like in all chordates, the avian brain is contained within the skull bones of the head.
Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the study of birds. [1] Several aspects of ornithology differ from related disciplines, due partly to the high visibility and the aesthetic appeal of birds. [2]
Much like a mammalian heart, the avian heart is composed of endocardial, myocardial and epicardial layers. [110] The atrium walls tend to be thinner than the ventricle walls, due to the intense ventricular contraction used to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body. Avian hearts are generally larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body ...
Like all avian species, the blood of the common raven transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, metabolic waste products, hormones, and heat. Avian blood possesses a more alkaline pH ranging from 7.5 to 7.6, and blood bicarbonate values are between 16 and 32 mmol/L.
The proventriculus is a standard part of avian anatomy, and is a rod shaped organ, located between the esophagus and the gizzard of most birds. [2] It is generally a glandular part of the stomach that may store and/or commence digestion of food before it progresses to the gizzard. [3]
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