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The throne of Dagobert. Folding chairs of foreign origin were mentioned in China by the 2nd century AD, possibly related to the curule seat. These chairs were called hu chuang ("barbarian bed"), and Frances Wood argues that they came from the Eastern Roman Empire, since the cultures of Persia and Arabia preferred cushions and divans instead. [20]
The majority of the chairs of all countries until the middle of the 17th century were of timber (the commonest survival is oak) [11] without upholstery, and when it became customary to cushion them, leather was sometimes employed; subsequently velvet and silk were extensively used, and at a later period cheaper and often more durable materials. [8]
During the 19th century, Italy and Japan experienced similar historical periods, characterised by huge changes in their political and social structure. [8] Italy achieved national unity in 1861 during the period known as the Risorgimento, while Japan saw the end of the Bakufu system and the beginning in 1868 of a process of profound modernization along Western lines that came to be known as ...
The traditional social stratification of the Occident in the 15th century. Church and state in medieval Europe was the relationship between the Catholic Church and the various monarchies and other states in Europe during the Middle Ages (between the end of Roman authority in the West in the fifth century to their end in the East in the fifteenth century and the beginning of the [Modern era]]).
The Christian Century in Japan. 3rd edition. Manchester: Carcanet, 1993. Murai ShÅsuke y “Tanegashima: The Arrival of Europe in Japan”. Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies 8: 93–106 2004. Fujita, Neil. Japan’s Encounter with Christianity: The Catholic Mission in Pre-modern Japan New York: Paulist Press 1991.
Rome was the civitas (reflected in the etymology of the word "civilisation") and connected with the actual western civilisation on which subsequent cultures built is the Latin language of ancient Rome, epitomized by the Classical Latin used in Latin literature, which evolved during the Middle Ages and remains in use in the Roman Catholic Church ...
In the Middle Kingdom of Egypt chairs were still straight legged with cushioned backs and upholstered vertical backs. During this period, chairs became more stylized. The legs of these chairs were animal shaped, however instead of bovine shaped, they were slender and gazelle shaped or lion shaped.
Use of the term in the historiography of the Middle Ages is therefore idiosyncratic to each author. In historiography of the pre-modern period, it is more typical to talk of empires . Gerry Simpson distinguishes "Great Powers", an elite group of states that manages the international legal order, from "great powers", empires or states whose ...