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In the fertility awareness-based method a woman who has a predictable and consistent menstrual cycle tracks the days that she is fertile. The typical woman has approximately 9 fertile days a month and either avoids intercourse on those days or uses an alternative birth control method for that period of time. The failure rate is between 2-23%.
Changes in menstrual bleeding may occur, such as a lighter flow or complete stop to the regular monthly menses, or abnormal bleeding throughout the cycle. Others have reported small weight gain, and increase in headaches or mood swings, and a decrease in libido .
In 1957 Enovid, the first COCP, was approved in the United States for the treatment of menstrual disorders. In 1960, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved an application that allowed Enovid to be marketed as a contraceptive. [53] The first progestogen-only contraceptive was introduced in 1969: Depo-Provera, a high-dose progestin ...
Depot MPA (DMPA) and EC/MPA were developed by Upjohn in the 1960s. [12] [13] DMPA (brand name Depo-Provera) was introduced for use as a progestogen-only injectable contraceptive for the first time outside of the United States in 1969 and was subsequently approved for use in birth control in the United States in 1992.
It works by reducing the frequency of the pill-free or placebo days. Extended cycle use of COCPs may also be called menstrual suppression, [2] although other hormonal medications or medication delivery systems (hormonal intrauterine devices—IUDs) may also be used to suppress menses. Any brand of combined oral contraceptive pills can be used ...
DMPA, under brand names such as Depo-Provera and Depo-SubQ Provera 104, is used in hormonal birth control as a long-lasting progestogen-only injectable contraceptive to prevent pregnancy in women. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] It is given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection and forms a long-lasting depot , from which it is slowly released over a period ...
CICs are different from progestogen-only injectable contraceptives (POICs), such as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA; brand names Depo-Provera, Depo-SubQ Provera 104) and norethisterone enantate (NETE; brand name Noristerat), which are not combined with an estrogen and are given once every two to three months instead of once a month. [2]
Hormonal oral contraceptives (HOCs) interact with hormonal changes in the menstrual cycle in females to prevent ovulation, and hence achieve contraception. [24] In a 28-day menstrual cycle, there are the proliferative phase, ovulation, and then the secretory phase. [28] Menstruation marks the beginning of proliferative phase in day 1-14. [28]