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Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
In physics, there are equations in every field to relate physical quantities to each other and perform calculations. Entire handbooks of equations can only summarize most of the full subject, else are highly specialized within a certain field. Physics is derived of formulae only.
A Magic Triangle image mnemonic - when the terms of Ohm's law are arranged in this configuration, covering the unknown gives the formula in terms of the remaining parameters. It can be adapted to similar equations e.g. F = ma, v = fλ, E = mcΔT, V = π r 2 h and τ = rF sinθ.
By the Kelvin–Stokes theorem we can rewrite the line integrals of the fields around the closed boundary curve ∂Σ to an integral of the "circulation of the fields" (i.e. their curls) over a surface it bounds, i.e. = (), Hence the Ampère–Maxwell law, the modified version of Ampère's circuital law, in integral form can be rewritten as ((+)) =
The electric field is perpendicular, locally, to the equipotential surface of the conductor, and zero inside; its flux πa 2 ·E, by Gauss's law equals πa 2 ·σ/ε 0. Thus, σ = ε 0 E. In problems involving conductors set at known potentials, the potential away from them is obtained by solving Laplace's equation, either analytically or ...
However the total energy of the particle E and its relativistic momentum p are frame-dependent; relative motion between two frames causes the observers in those frames to measure different values of the particle's energy and momentum; one frame measures E and p, while the other frame measures E ′ and p ′, where E ′ ≠ E and p ′ ≠ p ...
Download as PDF; Printable version; ... the most common are in terms of the E and B or E and H fields. Quantity (common name/s) ... 3000 Solved Problems in Physics, ...
The Planck relation [1] [2] [3] (referred to as Planck's energy–frequency relation, [4] the Planck–Einstein relation, [5] Planck equation, [6] and Planck formula, [7] though the latter might also refer to Planck's law [8] [9]) is a fundamental equation in quantum mechanics which states that the energy E of a photon, known as photon energy, is proportional to its frequency ν: =.