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  2. Hachimoji DNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachimoji_DNA

    A double helix of natural DNA. Hachimoji DNA adopts a similar structure. Hachimoji DNA (from Japanese 八文字 hachimoji, "eight letters") is a synthetic nucleic acid analog that uses four synthetic nucleotides in addition to the four present in the natural nucleic acids, DNA and RNA.

  3. List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_typographical...

    Circled Latin capital letter C ¤ Currency sign: Square lozenge ("Pillow") various Currency symbols † ‡ Dagger: Obelus: Footnotes, Latin cross – — Dash: Hyphen, Hyphen-minus, minus sign: Em dash, En dash ° Degree sign: Masculine ordinal indicator * * * Dinkus: Asterism, Fleuron, Dingbat (many) Dingbat: Dinkus, Fleuron ⌀ Diameter

  4. Long s - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_s

    The long s is the basis of the first half of the grapheme of the German alphabet ligature letter ß , [3] (eszett or scharfes s, 'sharp s'). As with other letters, the long s may have a variant appearance depending on typeface: ſ , ſ , ſ , ſ .

  5. Letter frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency

    The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...

  6. W - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W

    W, or w, is the twenty-third letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is double-u , [ in 1 ] plural double-ues .

  7. Letter symbolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_symbolism

    Letter symbolism is the study of the alphabet as a symbol, exploring its ability to represent analogically, convey meaning, and carry values beyond its practical or material function. It involves examining letters as symbols or systems , as well as their capacity for designation, meaning, and potential influence . Each letter typically holds ...

  8. English alphabet - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_alphabet

    Modern English is written with a Latin-script alphabet consisting of 26 letters, with each having both uppercase and lowercase forms. The word alphabet is a compound of alpha and beta, the names of the first two letters in the Greek alphabet. Old English was first written down using the Latin alphabet during the 7th century. During the ...

  9. Digraph (orthography) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)

    In Welsh, the digraph ll fused for a time into a ligature.. A digraph (from Ancient Greek δίς (dís) 'double' and γράφω (gráphō) 'to write') or digram is a pair of characters used in the orthography of a language to write either a single phoneme (distinct sound), or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal values of the two characters combined.