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The age of the Solar System, including Earth, was determined, and it turned out to be much older than believed earlier: more than 4 billion years, rather than the 20 million years suggested by Lord Kelvin in 1862. [2] The planets of the Solar System and their moons were closely observed via numerous space probes.
This marked the end of this phase of science as the Challenger Expedition of 1872–76 began exploring the deep seas beyond a depth of 20 or 30 meters. In spite of the growing community of scientists, for nearly 200 years science had been the preserve of wealthy amateurs, educated middle classes and clerics. [6]
As an example of its accuracy, 18th century scientist Guillaume Le Gentil, during a visit to Pondicherry, India, found the Indian computations (based on Aryabhata's computational paradigm) of the duration of the lunar eclipse of 30 August 1765 to be short by 41 seconds, whereas his charts (by Tobias Mayer, 1752) were long by 68 seconds.
For example, the British engineer Joseph Swan built an incandescent electric lamp in 1860, almost 20 years before Edison. But Edison's light bulbs lasted much longer than Swan's, and they could be turned on and off individually, while Swan's bulbs could be used only in a system where several lights were turned on or off at the same time.
2008 – 16-year study of stellar orbits around Sagittarius A* provides strong evidence for a supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way galaxy; 2009 – Planck begins observations of cosmic microwave background; 2012 – Higgs boson found by the Compact Muon Solenoid [12] and ATLAS [13] experiments at the Large Hadron Collider
An image from John Dalton's A New System of Chemical Philosophy, the first modern explanation of atomic theory.. This timeline of chemistry lists important works, discoveries, ideas, inventions, and experiments that significantly changed humanity's understanding of the modern science known as chemistry, defined as the scientific study of the composition of matter and of its interactions.
0s: 1st century in science; 100s: 2nd century in science; 200s: 3rd century in science; 300s: 4th century in science; 400s: 5th century in science; 500s: 6th century in science; 600s: 7th century in science; 700s: 8th century in science; 800s: 9th century in science; 900s: 10th century in science; 1000s: 11th century in science; 1100s: 12th ...
1901 in science; 1902 in science; 1903 in science; 1904 in science; 1905 in science; 1906 in science; 1907 in science; 1908 in science; 1909 in science; 1910 in science; 1911 in science; 1912 in science; 1913 in science; 1914 in science; 1915 in science; 1916 in science; 1917 in science; 1918 in science; 1919 in science; 1920 in science; 1921 ...