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The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, [b] formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania [c] and also referred to as Poland–Lithuania or the First Polish Republic, [d] [9] [10] was a federative real union [11] between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, existing from 1569 to 1795.
In most of Poland, average temperatures rose by 3-5 degrees Celsius during the last three decades. [28] These changes can be attributed to climate change . The average annual precipitation for the whole country is 600 mm (23.6 in), but isolated mountain areas receive as much as 1,300 mm (51.2 in) per year.
Lithuania is situated on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. [2] Lithuania's boundaries have changed several times since 1918, but they have been stable since 1945. [2] Currently, Lithuania covers an area of about 65,300 km 2 (25,200 sq mi). [2] It is larger than Belgium, Denmark, Latvia, Estonia, the Netherlands, Slovakia, Slovenia or ...
The Kingdom of Poland emerged in 1025, and in 1569 cemented its long-standing association with Lithuania, thus forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the time, the Commonwealth was one of the great powers of Europe, with an elective monarchy and a uniquely liberal political system, which adopted Europe's first modern constitution in 1791.
Bordered by the coasts of Germany, Denmark, Poland, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, it extends north-eastward of the following limits: In the Little Belt . A line joining Falshöft ( 54°47′N 9°57.5′E / 54.783°N 9.9583°E / 54.783; 9.9583 ) and Vejsnæs Nakke ( Ærø : 54°49′N 10°26′E ...
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, [5] succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, [6] when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 partitions of Poland–Lithuania.
Lithuania, [b] officially the Republic of Lithuania, [c] is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. [d] It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and the Russian semi-exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast to the southwest, with a maritime border with Sweden to the west.
A map showing the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth at its maximum extent following the Truce of Деулино, superimposed on present-day national borders. The map shows in red all of the territory that was ruled by Zygmunt III Waza in 1619 (the Polish monarch at that time), which made up the Commonwealth; it can be further divided up into: