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For the analysis of fractional distillation, the two independent variables are instead considered to be liquid-phase composition (x 1L) and pressure. In that case the phase rule implies that the equilibrium temperature (boiling point) and vapour-phase composition are determined. Liquid–vapour phase diagrams for other systems may have ...
Phase diagrams with more than two dimensions can be constructed that show the effect of more than two variables on the phase of a substance. Phase diagrams can use other variables in addition to or in place of temperature, pressure and composition, for example the strength of an applied electrical or magnetic field, and they can also involve ...
The McCabe–Thiele method is a technique that is commonly employed in the field of chemical engineering to model the separation of two substances by a distillation column. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It uses the fact that the composition at each theoretical tray is completely determined by the mole fraction of one of the two components.
In chemistry, the lever rule is a formula used to determine the mole fraction (x i) or the mass fraction (w i) of each phase of a binary equilibrium phase diagram. It can be used to determine the fraction of liquid and solid phases for a given binary composition and temperature that is between the liquidus and solidus line. [1] In an alloy or a ...
The number of components represents the minimum number of independent chemical species necessary to define the composition of all phases of the system. [2] Calculating the number of components in a system is necessary when applying Gibbs' phase rule in determination of the number of degrees of freedom of a system.
The discontinuity in , and other properties, e.g. internal energy, , and entropy,, of the substance, is called a first order phase transition. [12] [13] In order to specify the unique experimentally observed pressure, (), at which it occurs another thermodynamic condition is required, for from Fig.1 it could clearly occur for any pressure in the range .
where is the liquid phase composition with molfraction for fluid component i, and and are the gas phase and total fluid compositions, respectively. For a non-Newtonian fluid (in the sense of a generalized Newtonian fluid ), the constitutive equation for shear viscosity is also a function of the shear velocity gradient:
Together, the incremental changes throughout the process, and the initial and final states, fully determine the idealized process. In the most commonly cited simple example, an ideal gas, the thermodynamic variables would be any three variables out of the following four: amount of substance, pressure, temperature, and volume. Thus, the ...