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The structure-activity relationship of the drug class has been explored to a reasonable extent. The optimal substitution pattern is fairly tightly defined (i.e. N,N-diethyl on the amine nitrogen, 4-ethoxy on the benzyl ring and 5-nitro on the benzimidazole ring), but even derivatives incorporating only some of these features are still potent opioids.
A 2011 publication [13] [J. Org. Chem., 2011, 76(23), 9577-9583] from a South Korean team outlined a novel, one-pot synthesis for substituted and unsubstituted 2-benzyl-benzimidazoles that can be easily adapted to the preparation of etonitazene.
Methylenedioxynitazene (3',4'-Methylenedioxynitazene) is a benzimidazole derivative which has been sold as a designer drug over the internet and presumably has opioid effects. It is an analogue of etonitazene where the benzyl ring is substituted with a 3,4-methylenedioxy ring system rather than an ethoxy group. It was first reported in the UK ...
Benzimidazole is a base: C 6 H 4 N(NH)CH + H + → [C 6 H 4 (NH) 2 CH] + It can also be deprotonated with stronger bases: C 6 H 4 N(NH)CH + LiH → Li [C 6 H 4 N 2 CH] + H 2. The imine can be alkylated and also serves as a ligand in coordination chemistry. The most prominent benzimidazole complex features N-ribosyl-dimethylbenzimidazole, as ...
Butonitazene is a benzimidazole derivative with opioid effects, which has been sold over the internet as a designer drug.It has relatively low potency compared to many related compounds, and has generally been encountered as a component of mixtures with other substances rather than in its pure form.
Maximum pesticide residue limits (MRLs) for fresh produce in the EU are between 0.1 and 0.7 mg/kg with the exception of loquat fruits, which is set at 2 mg/kg. [8] The limits for more commonly consumed citrus and pome fruits are between 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg. Use of this fungicide on macadamia plantations has proven controversial in Queensland. [4]
N-Desethylisotonitazene (norisotonitazene) is a benzimidazole opioid with potent analgesic effects which has been sold as a designer drug.It was first identified in 2023 as an active metabolite of the closely related compound isotonitazene, and was found to have similar potency.
Benznidazole is an antiparasitic medication used in the treatment of Chagas disease. [2] While it is highly effective in early disease, the effectiveness decreases in those who have long-term infection. [3] It is the first-line treatment given its moderate side effects compared to nifurtimox. [1] It is taken by mouth. [2] Side effects are ...