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Many invertebrate protective reactions appear stereotyped and reflexive in action, perhaps indicating a nociceptive response rather than one of pain, but other responses are more plastic, especially when competing with other motivational systems (see section below), indicating a pain response analogous to that of vertebrates.
A pair of clouded leopards, one of the four felid species that use prusten to communicate. Prusten is a form of communicative behaviour exhibited by some members of the family Felidae. [1] Prusten is also referred to as chuffing or chuffle (verb and noun). [2] It is described as a short, low intensity, non-threatening vocalization. [1]
Although they have ears, many fish may not hear very well. Most fish have sensitive receptors that form the lateral line system, which detects gentle currents and vibrations, and senses the motion of nearby fish and prey. [1] Sharks can sense frequencies in the range of 25 to 50 Hz through their lateral line. [2]
Certain words in the English language represent animal sounds: the noises and vocalizations of particular animals, especially noises used by animals for communication. The words can be used as verbs or interjections in addition to nouns , and many of them are also specifically onomatopoeic .
Kinesthetic sense Pain; Amoeba: n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Bat: poor visual acuity, none of them is blind. It has even been discovered that some species are able to detect ultraviolet light. [1] Bat calls range from about 12,000 Hz - 160,000 Hz. n/a They also have a high quality sense of smell. n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Dog
They appear to rely on their leg and shoulder bones to transmit the signals to the middle ear. When detecting seismic signals, the animals lean forward and put more weight on their larger front feet; this is known as the "freezing behaviour". Elephants possess several adaptations suited for seismic communication.
They vary widely in form but are always made of one or more jointed segments. While they are typically sensory organs, the exact nature of what they sense and how they sense it is not the same in all groups. Functions may variously include sensing touch, air motion, heat, vibration (sound), and especially smell or taste.
The idea that animals might not experience pain or suffering as humans do traces back at least to the 17th-century French philosopher, René Descartes, who argued that animals lack consciousness. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Researchers remained unsure into the 1980s as to whether animals experience pain, and veterinarians trained in the U.S. before ...