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The history of the GSM module dates back to the 1980s when the GSM network was first introduced. The first GSM module was designed to work with analogue phones, and it was not until the late 1990s that digital GSM modules were introduced. Today, the GSM module is an essential component used in various communication systems.
SIM Application Toolkit (STK) is a standard of the GSM system which enables the subscriber identity module (SIM card) to initiate actions which can be used for various value-added services. [1] Similar standards exist for other network and card systems, with the USIM Application Toolkit (USAT) for USIMs used by newer-generation networks being ...
The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a family of standards to describe the protocols for second-generation digital cellular networks, [2] as used by mobile devices such as mobile phones and mobile broadband modems. GSM is also a trade mark owned by the GSM Association. [3] "GSM" may also refer to the voice codec initially used ...
The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to switch networks and handsets at will, aside from a subsidy lock. GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is not a problem. The much bigger number of subscribers globally creates a better network effect for GSM handset makers, carriers and end users.
In communications, Circuit Switched Data (CSD) (also named GSM data) is the original form of data transmission developed for the time-division multiple access ...
GSM-1900 and GSM-850 are used in most of North, South and Central America (ITU-Region 2). In North America, GSM operates on the primary mobile communication bands 850 MHz and 1900 MHz. In Canada , GSM-1900 is the primary band used in urban areas with 850 as a backup, and GSM-850 being the primary rural band.
For a full description of the algorithm, the reader can view the OsmocomBB implementation or FreeRADIUS implementation, both based on the Python code from the Secrets of Sim [2] article. COMP128-2 is identical to COMP128-3 except for the fact that at the end, it clears the 10 rightmost bits of K c .
MAP for GSM (prior to Release 4) is specified by 3GPP TS 09.02 (MAP v1, MAP v2) MAP for UMTS ("3G") and GSM (Release 99 and later) is specified by 3GPP TS 29.002 (MAP v3) In cellular networks based on ANSI standards (currently CDMA2000 , in the past AMPS , IS-136 and cdmaOne ) plays the role of the MAP a similar protocol usually called IS-41 or ...