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Clark's rule is a medical term referring to a mathematical formula used to calculate the proper dosage of medicine for children aged 2–17 based on the weight of the patient and the appropriate adult dose. [1] The formula was named after Cecil Belfield Clarke (1894–1970), a Barbadian physician who practiced throughout the UK, the West Indies ...
Use is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding. [1] [10] Use appears to be relatively safe in those with mild kidney problems. [10] Compared to warfarin it has fewer interactions with other medications. [13] It is a direct factor Xa inhibitor. [9] In 2007, Pfizer and Bristol-Myers Squibb began the development of apixaban as an ...
The monitoring of warfarin and keeping the international normalized ratio (INR) between 2.0 and 3.0, along with avoiding over and under treatment, has driven a search for an alternative. [ 3 ] [ 14 ] A naturally occurring inhibitor of factor Xa was reported in 1971 by Spellman et al. from the dog hookworm. [ 15 ]
It was approved in the United States in 2018 based on data from two phase III studies on reversing the anticoagulant activity of FXa inhibitors rivaroxaban and apixaban in healthy volunteers. [11] As a condition of its accelerated approval, the ANNEXA-I study was conducted comparing it to other currently used reversal agents ("usual care"). [12 ...
An anticoagulant, commonly known as a blood thinner, is a chemical substance that prevents or reduces the coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time. [1] Some occur naturally in blood-eating animals, such as leeches and mosquitoes, which help keep the bite area unclotted long enough for the animal to obtain blood.
The dose is based on recommendations for treatment rather than prevention, except if prevention is the main indication. Generally there is only one DDD for all formulations of a drug, however exceptions are made if some formulations are typically used in significantly different strengths (e.g., antibiotic injection in a hospital vs tablets in ...
In pharmacokinetics, the drug accumulation ratio (R ac) is the ratio of accumulation of a drug under steady state conditions (i.e., after repeated administration) as compared to a single dose. The higher the value, the more the drug accumulates in the body. An R ac of 1 means no accumulation.
The therapeutic ratio in radiotherapy for cancer treatment is determined by the maximum radiation dose for killing cancer cells and the minimum radiation dose causing acute or late morbidity in cells of normal tissues. [13] Both of these parameters have sigmoidal dose–response curves. Thus, a favorable outcome in dose–response for tumor ...