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Vickers test scheme The pyramidal diamond indenter of a Vickers hardness tester An indentation left in case-hardened steel after a Vickers hardness test. The difference in length of both diagonals and the illumination gradient, are both classic indications of an out-of-level sample. This is not a good indentation. This is a good indentation.
A pyramidal diamond point is pressed into the polished surface of the test material with a known (often 100 g) load, for a specified dwell time, and the resulting indentation is measured using a microscope. The geometry of this indenter is an extended pyramid with the length to width ratio being 7:1 and respective face angles are 172 degrees ...
Equivalent narcotic depth (END) (historically also equivalent nitrogen depth) is used in technical diving as a way of estimating the narcotic effect of a breathing gas mixture, such as nitrox, heliox or trimix. The method is used, for a given breathing gas mix and dive depth, to calculate the equivalent depth which would produce about the same ...
The depth of penetration from the zero datum is measured, on which a harder material gives a lower measure. That is, the penetration depth and hardness are inversely proportional. The Rockwell test does not use any optical equipment to measure the hardness indention, rather all calculations are done within the machine to measure the indention ...
The Oliver–Pharr nonlinear curve fit method to the unloading curve data where is the depth variable, is the final depth and and are constants and coefficients. The software must use a nonlinear convergence method to solve for k {\displaystyle k} , h f {\displaystyle h_{\text{f}}} and m {\displaystyle m} that best fits the unloading data.
Tide tables give the height of the tide above a chart datum making it feasible to calculate the depth of water at a given point and at a given time by adding the charted depth to the height of the tide. One may calculate whether an area that dries is under water by subtracting the drying height from the [given] height calculated from the tide ...
The lower surface pressure causes larger volume change with the same change in depth relative to the surface compared to sea level conditions. As in the case for sea level diving, the ambient pressure at depth is the atmospheric pressure on the surface of the water plus the hydrostatic pressure due to the weight of the water column above that ...
Diamond is extremely strong owing to its crystal structure, known as diamond cubic, in which each carbon atom has four neighbors covalently bonded to it. Bulk cubic boron nitride (c-BN) is nearly as hard as diamond. Diamond reacts with some materials, such as steel, and c-BN wears less when cutting or abrading such material. [4]