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The Java programming language and the Java virtual machine (JVM) are designed to support concurrent programming. All execution takes place in the context of threads. Objects and resources can be accessed by many separate threads. Each thread has its own path of execution, but can potentially access any object in the program.
Exceptions can be used to represent and handle abnormal, unpredictable, erroneous situations, but also as flow control structures to handle normal situations. For example, Python's iterators throw StopIteration exceptions to signal that there are no further items produced by the iterator. [1]
Illustration of the dining philosophers problem. Each philosopher has a bowl of spaghetti and can reach two of the forks. In computer science, the dining philosophers problem is an example problem often used in concurrent algorithm design to illustrate synchronization issues and techniques for resolving them.
Concurrent and parallel programming languages involve multiple timelines. Such languages provide synchronization constructs whose behavior is defined by a parallel execution model. A concurrent programming language is defined as one which uses the concept of simultaneously executing processes or threads of execution as a means of structuring a ...
Thread safety guarantees usually also include design steps to prevent or limit the risk of different forms of deadlocks, as well as optimizations to maximize concurrent performance. However, deadlock-free guarantees cannot always be given, since deadlocks can be caused by callbacks and violation of architectural layering independent of the ...
In concurrent programming, a monitor is a synchronization construct that prevents threads from concurrently accessing a shared object's state and allows them to wait for the state to change. They provide a mechanism for threads to temporarily give up exclusive access in order to wait for some condition to be met, before regaining exclusive ...
Use of futures may be implicit (any use of the future automatically obtains its value, as if it were an ordinary reference) or explicit (the user must call a function to obtain the value, such as the get method of java.util.concurrent.Futurein Java). Obtaining the value of an explicit future can be called stinging or forcing. Explicit futures ...
Cooperative multitasking is similar to async/await in languages, such as JavaScript or Python, that feature a single-threaded event-loop in their runtime. This contrasts with cooperative multitasking in that await cannot be invoked from a non-async function, but only an async function, which is a kind of coroutine .