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Sleep can follow a physiological or behavioral definition. In the physiological sense, sleep is a state characterized by reversible unconsciousness, special brainwave patterns, sporadic eye movement, loss of muscle tone (possibly with some exceptions; see below regarding the sleep of birds and of aquatic mammals), and a compensatory increase following deprivation of the state, this last known ...
Zoopharmacognosy; use of substances for medicinal effect (rather than Recreational drug use in animals or for food) Wind sucking ; similar to cribbing, whereby the horse arches its neck and sucks air into the windpipe, but without needing to grab a solid object.
Some crepuscular animals may also be active by moonlight or during an overcast day. Matutinal animals are active only after dawn, and vespertine only before dusk. A number of factors affect the time of day an animal is active. Predators hunt when their prey is available, and prey try to avoid the times when their principal predators are at large.
Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. [1] Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis . [ 1 ] Around 10% of latent infections progress to active disease that, if left untreated, kill about half of those affected. [ 1 ]
Sickness behavior in its different aspects causes an animal to limit its movement; the metabolic energy not expended in activity is diverted to the fever responses, which involves raising body temperature. [1] This also limits an animal's exposure to predators while it is cognitively and physically impaired. [1]
Parasites can also indirectly affect the behavior of their hosts by disturbing their metabolism, development, or immunity. [9] Parasitic castrators drastically modify their hosts' metabolism and reproduction, sometimes by secreting castrating hormones, changing their behavior and physiology to benefit the parasite.
This behavior suggests that ethanol does not deter feeding and indicates that the last common ancestor of African apes and humans likely consumed foods containing ethanol. [ 6 ] Chimpanzees at Bossou consumed large amounts of ethanol and showed signs of intoxication.
One physiological characteristic of sleep goes by the name of "homeostatic regulation". This is the notion that animals need a more or less constant amount of sleep every day, so that if a subject is deprived of sleep one day, the amount of sleep tends to "rebound" (increase) the next few days. This has been observed in zebrafish. At night ...