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set is smaller than its power set; uncountability of the real numbers; Cantor's first uncountability proof. uncountability of the real numbers; Combinatorics; Combinatory logic; Co-NP; Coset; Countable. countability of a subset of a countable set (to do) Angle of parallelism; Galois group. Fundamental theorem of Galois theory (to do) Gödel number
Linear congruence theorem (number theory, modular arithmetic) Linear speedup theorem (computational complexity theory) Linnik's theorem (number theory) Lions–Lax–Milgram theorem (partial differential equations) Liouville's theorem (complex analysis, entire functions) Liouville's theorem (conformal mappings) Liouville's theorem (Hamiltonian ...
Modern proof theory treats proofs as inductively defined data structures, not requiring an assumption that axioms are "true" in any sense. This allows parallel mathematical theories as formal models of a given intuitive concept, based on alternate sets of axioms, for example axiomatic set theory and non-Euclidean geometry.
In mathematics, the general linear group of degree n is the set of n×n invertible matrices, together with the operation of ordinary matrix multiplication.This forms a group, because the product of two invertible matrices is again invertible, and the inverse of an invertible matrix is invertible, with the identity matrix as the identity element of the group.
Proofs are typically presented as inductively-defined data structures such as lists, boxed lists, or trees, which are constructed according to the axioms and rules of inference of a given logical system. Consequently, proof theory is syntactic in nature, in contrast to model theory, which is semantic in nature.
Structural recursion is usually proved correct by structural induction; in particularly easy cases, the inductive step is often left out. The length and ++ functions in the example below are structurally recursive. For example, if the structures are lists, one usually introduces the partial order "<", in which L < M whenever list L is the tail ...
To investigate the left distributivity of set subtraction over unions or intersections, consider how the sets involved in (both of) De Morgan's laws are all related: () = = () always holds (the equalities on the left and right are De Morgan's laws) but equality is not guaranteed in general (that is, the containment might be strict).
It is a remarkable fact that these second-order terms (the Lie algebra) completely determine the group structure of G near the identity. They even determine G globally, up to covering spaces. In physics, Lie groups appear as symmetry groups of physical systems, and their Lie algebras (tangent vectors near the identity) may be thought of as ...