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Carbon is capable of forming many allotropes (structurally different forms of the same element) due to its valency (tetravalent). Well-known forms of carbon include diamond and graphite. In recent decades, many more allotropes have been discovered and researched, including ball shapes such as buckminsterfullerene and sheets such as graphene.
Diamond and graphite are two allotropes of carbon: pure forms of the same element that differ in crystalline structure.. Allotropy or allotropism (from Ancient Greek ἄλλος (allos) ' other ' and τρόπος (tropos) ' manner, form ') is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state, known as allotropes of the elements.
Isomers do not necessarily share similar chemical or physical properties. Two main forms of isomerism are structural (or constitutional) isomerism, in which bonds between the atoms differ; and stereoisomerism (or spatial isomerism), in which the bonds are the same but the relative positions of the atoms differ. Isomeric relationships form a ...
At least five allotropes are uniquely formed at high pressures, two of which are metallic. [6] The number of sulfur allotropes reflects the relatively strong S−S bond of 265 kJ/mol. [1] Furthermore, unlike most elements, the allotropes of sulfur can be manipulated in solutions of organic solvents and are analysed by HPLC. [7]
Structural equivalences between atoms of a parent molecule reduce the number of positional isomers that can be obtained by replacing those atoms for a different element or group. Thus, for example, the structural equivalence between the six hydrogens of ethane C 2 H 6 means that there is just one structural isomer of ethanol C 2 H 5 OH, not 6.
The compound with the formula (C 5 H 5) 2 Fe 2 (CO) 4 exists as three isomers in solution. In one isomer the CO ligands are terminal. When a pair of CO are bridging, cis and trans isomers are possible depending on the location of the C 5 H 5 groups. [7] Another example in organometallic chemistry is the linkage isomerization of ...
Plutonium normally has six allotropes and forms a seventh (zeta, ζ) under high temperature and a limited pressure range. [2] [3] [4] These allotropes have very similar energy levels but significantly varying densities and crystal structures.
All allotropes (structurally different pure forms of an element) and some simple carbon compounds are often considered inorganic. Examples include the allotropes of carbon ( graphite , diamond , buckminsterfullerene , graphene , etc.), carbon monoxide CO , carbon dioxide CO 2 , carbides , and salts of inorganic anions such as carbonates ...