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There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject of much ongoing discussion. [5]
Allopatric populations isolated from one another by geographical factors (e.g., mountain ranges or bodies of water) may experience genetic—and, ultimately, phenotypic—changes in response to their varying environments. These may drive allopatric speciation, which is arguably the dominant mode of speciation. [citation needed]
The three primary geographic modes of speciation (allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric) can exist within this continuum, as well as other non-geographic modes. Throughout the history of research concerning speciation, classification and delineation of modes and processes have been debated.
Allopatric speciation (from Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos) ' other ' and πατρίς (patrís) ' fatherland ') – also referred to as geographic speciation, vicariant speciation, or its earlier name the dumbbell model [1]: 86 – is a mode of speciation that occurs when biological populations become geographically isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with ...
Sympatric speciation is one of three traditional geographic modes of speciation. [2] [3] Allopatric speciation is the evolution of species caused by the geographic isolation of two or more populations of a species. In this case, divergence is facilitated by the absence of gene flow.
However, the scope of evolution can be expanded to higher scales where different observations are made. Macroevolutionary mechanisms are provided to explain these. [2] For example, speciation can be discussed in terms of the ‘mode’, i.e. how speciation occurs. Different modes of speciation include sympatric and allopatric). Additionally ...
It has been suggested that, in some cases, the speciation process has taken place because of the incompatibility caused by this bacteria. Two wasp species Nasonia giraulti and N. longicornis carry two different strains of Wolbachia. Crosses between an infected population and one free from infection produces a nearly total reproductive isolation ...
Peripatric speciation is a mode of speciation in which a new species is formed from an isolated peripheral population. [1]: 105 Since peripatric speciation resembles allopatric speciation, in that populations are isolated and prevented from exchanging genes, it can often be difficult to distinguish between them, [2] and peripatric speciation may be considered one type or model of allopatric ...