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This period represented a "golden age of high pan-African ambitions"; the continent had experienced revolution and decolonization from Western powers and the narrative of rebirth and solidarity had gained momentum within the pan-African movement. [26] Nkrumah's pan-African principles intended for a union between the Independent African states ...
Under Nkrumah, Ghana played a leading role in African international relations and the pan-africanist movement during Africa's decolonization period. [ 7 ] After multiple failed attempts on his life, coupled with increasingly difficult local economic conditions, Nkrumah's government became authoritarian in the 1960s, as he repressed political ...
The Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa (PAFMECA), later renamed the Pan-African Freedom Movement of East, Central and Southern Africa (PAFMECSA) was a political and Pan-Africanist organisation that was formed to campaign for the independence of the countries of East and Central Africa (and later Southern Africa [1] [2]) from colonial and white minority rule. [3]
The Pan-African Congress (PAC) is a regular series of meetings which first took place on the back of the Pan-African Conference held in London in 1900. The Pan-African Congress first gained a reputation as a peacemaker for decolonization in Africa and in the West Indies , and made a significant advance for the Pan-African cause.
Owen C. Mathurin, Henry Sylvester Williams and the Origins of the Pan-African Movement, 1869–1911 (Contributions in Afro-American & African Studies), Greenwood Press, 1976, 224 pp. Marika Sherwood, Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa, and the African Diaspora, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-87959-0, 354 pp.
Imanuel Geiss, The Pan-African Movement: A History of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe and Africa, Africana Publishing Company, 1974. Tony Martin, Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond, Dover, MD: The Majority Press, 1985.
Habilitation, EVA, Frankfurt am Main 1968; English as: The Pan-African Movement. London: Methuen, 1974, ISBN 0-416-16710-1 and as: The Pan-African Movement. A history of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe and Africa. New York: Africana Publ., 1974, ISBN 0-8419-0161-9. Die Afro-Amerikaner. Frankfurt am Main: EVA, 1969.
The PAC thus decided to take it upon themselves, and the anti-pass operation turned out to be a very important one for the PAC, and for South African political affairs generally. The date for the PAC's campaign was finally set for March 21, 1960 and the weekend was spent handing out brochures and activating people.