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A low code-rate close to zero implies a strong code that uses many redundant bits to achieve a good performance, while a large code-rate close to 1 implies a weak code. The redundant bits that protect the information have to be transferred using the same communication resources that they are trying to protect.
The algorithm is named after its inventors: Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek and Raviv. [1] This algorithm is critical to modern iteratively-decoded error-correcting codes, including turbo codes and low-density parity-check codes.
The on-line textbook: Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms, by David J.C. MacKay, contains chapters on elementary error-correcting codes; on the theoretical limits of error-correction; and on the latest state-of-the-art error-correcting codes, including low-density parity-check codes, turbo codes, and fountain codes.
The analysis of errors computed using the global positioning system is important for understanding how GPS works, and for knowing what magnitude errors should be expected.
Thus, two redundant but different sub-blocks of parity bits are sent with the payload. The complete block has m + n bits of data with a code rate of m/(m + n). The permutation of the payload data is carried out by a device called an interleaver. Hardware-wise, this turbo code encoder consists of two identical RSC coders, C 1 and C 2, as ...
In this example, x 1 =2 and the tentative assignment x 2 =1 is considered. Forward checking only checks whether each of the unassigned variables x 3 and x 4 is consistent with the partial assignment, removing the value 2 from their domains. The simpler technique for evaluating the effect of a specific assignment to a variable is called forward ...
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The first pass goes forward in time while the second goes backward in time; hence the name forward–backward algorithm. The term forward–backward algorithm is also used to refer to any algorithm belonging to the general class of algorithms that operate on sequence models in a forward–backward manner. In this sense, the descriptions in the ...