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In heterogeneous electron transfer, an electron moves between a chemical species present in solution and the surface of a solid such as a semi-conducting material or an electrode. Theories addressing heterogeneous electron transfer have applications in electrochemistry and the design of solar cells.
Bimolecular electron transfer always produces a reactive chemical species, free radicals. [citation needed] Nucleic acids (precisely the single, free nucleotides, not those bound in a DNA/RNA strand) have an extremely short lifetime due to a fast internal conversion. [3] Both melanin and DNA have some of the fastest internal conversion rates.
Electron tunneling associated with ferritin is a quantum biological process, and ferritin is a quantum biological agent. Electron tunneling through ferritin between electrodes is independent of temperature, which indicates that it is substantially coherent and activation-less. [28] The electron tunneling distance is a function of the size of ...
An electron donor is less than 1 nm away from the special pair, and so the positive charge is neutralized by the transfer of another electron. The electron transfer back from the electron acceptor to the positively charged special pair is especially slow. The rate of an electron transfer reaction increases with its thermodynamic favorability up ...
Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) is an excited state electron transfer process by which an excited electron is transferred from donor to acceptor. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Due to PET a charge separation is generated, i.e. , redox reaction takes place in excited state (this phenomenon is not observed in Dexter electron transfer ).
An electron transport chain (ETC [1]) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules which transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H + ions) across a membrane.
NADH is an example of a natural electron donor. [4] Ascorbic acid is another example. It is a water-soluble antioxidant. [5] In biology, electron donors release an electron during cellular respiration, resulting in the release of energy. Microorganisms, such as bacteria, obtain energy in electron transfer processes. Through its cellular ...
The RTE is a differential equation describing radiance (, ^,).It can be derived via conservation of energy.Briefly, the RTE states that a beam of light loses energy through divergence and extinction (including both absorption and scattering away from the beam) and gains energy from light sources in the medium and scattering directed towards the beam.