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The final revision of the proposed memory model, C++ n2429, [6] was accepted into the C++ draft standard at the October 2007 meeting in Kona. [7] The memory model was then included in the next C++ and C standards, C++11 and C11. [8] [9] The Rust programming language inherited most of C/C++'s memory model. [10]
On the x86-64 platform, a total of seven memory models exist, [7] as the majority of symbol references are only 32 bits wide, and if the addresses are known at link time (as opposed to position-independent code). This does not affect the pointers used, which are always flat 64-bit pointers, but only how values that have to be accessed via ...
OpenMP (Open Multi-Processing) is an application programming interface (API) that supports multi-platform shared-memory multiprocessing programming in C, C++, and Fortran, [3] on many platforms, instruction-set architectures and operating systems, including Solaris, AIX, FreeBSD, HP-UX, Linux, macOS, and Windows.
The original form of the pattern, appearing in Pattern Languages of Program Design 3, [2] has data races, depending on the memory model in use, and it is hard to get right. Some consider it to be an anti-pattern. [3] There are valid forms of the pattern, including the use of the volatile keyword in Java and explicit memory barriers in C++. [4]
A PGAS memory model is featured in various parallel programming languages and libraries, including: Coarray Fortran, Unified Parallel C, Split-C, Fortress, Chapel, X10, UPC++, Coarray C++, Global Arrays, DASH and SHMEM. The PGAS paradigm is now an integrated part of the Fortran language, as of Fortran 2008 which standardized coarrays.
In embedded system programming, it is very common to have memory-mapped I/O where reads and writes to memory trigger I/O operations, or changes to the processor's operational mode, which are highly visible side effects. For the above example, assume for now that the pointers are pointing to regular program memory, without these side-effects.
The memory model concept derives from the setup of the segment registers. For example, in the tiny model CS=DS=SS, that is the program's code, data, and stack are all contained within a single 64 KB segment. In the small memory model DS=SS, so both data and stack reside in the same segment; CS points to a different code segment of up to 64 KB.
[7] [8] Designing programs around the MPI model (contrary to explicit shared memory models) has advantages when running on NUMA architectures since MPI encourages memory locality. Explicit shared memory programming was introduced in MPI-3. [9] [10] [11]