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Glutamate transporters are a family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that move glutamate – the principal excitatory neurotransmitter – across a membrane. The family of glutamate transporters is composed of two primary subclasses: the excitatory amino acid transporter ( EAAT ) family and vesicular glutamate transporter ( VGLUT ) family.
The sodium/glutamate symporter, also known as glutamate permease, is a transmembrane protein family found in bacteria and archaea. These proteins are symporters that are responsible for the sodium-dependent uptake of extracellular glutamate into the cell. They are integral membrane proteins located in the bacterial inner membrane. [1]
The abgT gene is preceded by two genes, abgA and abgB, which code for homologous amino acyl amino hydrolases and hydrolyze p-aminobenzoyl glutamate to p-aminobenzoate and glutamate. [5] Because of the structural similarity of p -aminobenzoyl-glutatmate to peptides, and the enzymatic activities of the abgA and abgB gene products, it has been ...
There are several families that function in amino acid transport, some of these include: TC# 2.A.3 - Amino Acid-Polyamine-Organocation (APC) Superfamily; TC# 2.A.18 - Amino Acid/Auxin Permease (AAAP) Family
In animals, fungi, and bacteria, GABA-T helps facilitate a reaction that moves an amine group from GABA to 2-oxoglutarate, and a ketone group from 2-oxoglutarate to GABA. [4] [5] [6] This produces succinate semialdehyde and L-glutamate. [4] In plants, pyruvate and glyoxylate can be used in the place of 2-oxoglutarate.
Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the SLC1A3 gene. [5] EAAT1 is also often called the GLutamate ASpartate Transporter 1 ( GLAST-1 ). EAAT1 is predominantly expressed in the plasma membrane, allowing it to remove glutamate from the extracellular space. [ 6 ]
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (also γ-glutamyltransferase, GGT, gamma-GT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; [1] EC 2.3.2.2) is a transferase (a type of enzyme) that catalyzes the transfer of gamma-glutamyl functional groups from molecules such as glutathione to an acceptor that may be an amino acid, a peptide or water (forming glutamate).
In bacteria, the ammonia is assimilated to amino acids via glutamate and aminotransferases. [2] In plants, the enzyme can work in either direction depending on environment and stress. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Transgenic plants expressing microbial GLDHs are improved in tolerance to herbicide, water deficit, and pathogen infections. [ 5 ]