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L fitness (f reproduce) ← G fitness (F-{f reproduce}) - G fitness (F) 43. 44. Restore the fly's contribution 45. 46. If the local fitness is lower than or equal to 0, // Thresholded-selection of a good fly that can reproduce 47. else go to Step 34. // f reproduce is a bad fly: we should not allow it to reproduce 48. then go to Step 53. // f ...
This leads to flies having more reproduction abilities than most insects, and much quicker. Flies occur in large populations due to their ability to mate effectively and quickly during the mating season. [35] More primitive groups mates in the air during swarming, but most of the more advanced species with a 360° torsion mate on a substrate. [73]
The larvae develop into pupae and then into adults. Adults live only long enough to reproduce and they may form large mating swarms, often around dusk. The life cycle generally takes 4-5 weeks. [1] The larvae of most gall gnats (Cecidomyiidae), such as the Hessian fly larva, form galls in flowers, leaves, stems, roots or other plant parts. [8]
A simplification of an allopatric speciation experiment where two lines of fruit flies are raised on maltose and starch media. Laboratory experiments of speciation have been conducted for all four modes of speciation: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric; and various other processes involving speciation: hybridization, reinforcement, founder effects, among others.
The housefly (Musca domestica) is a fly of the suborder Cyclorrhapha.It possibly originated in the Middle East, and spread around the world as a commensal of humans.Adults are gray to black, with four dark, longitudinal lines on the thorax, slightly hairy bodies, and a single pair of membranous wings.
Myiasis (/ m aɪ. ˈ aɪ. ə. s ə s / my-EYE-ə-səss [1]), also known as flystrike or fly strike, is the parasitic infestation of the body of a live animal by fly larvae that grow inside the host while feeding on its tissue.
[4] [5] These flies are sometimes confused with drain flies. [6] This species goes through 4 stages of life: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. [7] The adults can live up to 10 days and lay up to 200-300 eggs [8] at a time in the moist top layer of the soil. These eggs will typically hatch within 4 days and progress through the cycle.
Other applications of flightless flies include using them as convenient feeders for a variety of companion animals, usually small reptiles such as geckos, [6] being highly versatile due to their small size. [7] Fruit flies are a useful source of protein for captive ant colonies.