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The increase in kidney clearance during pregnancy causes more iodide to be excreted and causes relative iodine deficiency and as a result an increase in thyroid size. Estrogen-stimulated increase in thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) leads to an increase in total thyroxine (T4), but free thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) remain normal. [5]
Signs of hyperestrogenism may include heightened levels of one or more of the estrogen sex hormones (usually estradiol and/or estrone), lowered levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and/or luteinizing hormone (due to suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis by estrogen), and lowered levels of androgens such as testosterone (generally only relevant to males). [1]
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Levels of estriol increase 1,000-fold during pregnancy, [8] whereas levels of estradiol and estrone increase 100-fold, [12] and estriol accounts for 90% of the estrogens in the urine of pregnant women. [5] At term, the daily production of estriol by the placenta is 35 to 45 mg, [12] and levels in the maternal circulation are 8 to 13 ng/dL. [3]
Levels of estrogen and progesterone in normal human pregnancy are very high. [6] Estradiol levels are 1,000 to 5,000 pg/mL during the first trimester, 5,000 to 15,000 pg/mL during the second trimester, and 10,000 to 40,000 pg/mL during the third trimester, [ 38 ] with a mean of 25,000 pg/mL at term and levels as high as 75,000 pg/mL measurable ...
During pregnancy, levels of estradiol increase to very high concentrations that are as much as 100-fold normal levels. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ] In late pregnancy, the body produces and secretes approximately 100 mg of estrogens, including estradiol, estrone , and estriol , per day. [ 138 ]
During pregnancy, vaginal discharge volume increases as a result of the body's increased levels of estrogen and progesterone. [13] [2] The discharge is usually white or slightly gray, and may have a musty smell. [13] [2] The normal discharge of pregnancy does not contain blood or cause itching. [13]
At the end of the luteal phase, estradiol levels drop to their menstrual levels unless there is a pregnancy. During pregnancy, estrogen levels, including estradiol, rise steadily toward term. The source of these estrogens is the placenta, which aromatizes prohormones produced in the fetal adrenal gland.