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A Majorana fermion (/ m aɪ ə ˈ r ɑː n ə / [1]) or Majorana particle is a fermion that is its own antiparticle. They were hypothesised by Ettore Majorana in 1937. The term is sometimes used in opposition to Dirac fermion , which describes fermions that are not their own antiparticles.
Ettore Majorana (/ m aɪ ə ˈ r ɑː n ə /, [2] Italian: [ˈɛttore majoˈraːna]; born on 5 August 1906 – likely dying in or after 1959) [1] was an Italian theoretical physicist who worked on neutrino masses.
Spin-1/2 Majorana fermions, such as the hypothetical neutralino, can be described as either a dependent 4-component Majorana spinor or a single 2-component Weyl spinor. It is not known whether the neutrino is a Majorana fermion or a Dirac fermion; observing neutrinoless double-beta decay experimentally would settle this question.
Particles corresponding to Majorana spinors are known as Majorana particles, due to the above self-conjugacy constraint. All the fermions included in the Standard Model have been excluded as Majorana fermions (since they have non-zero electric charge they cannot be antiparticles of themselves) with the exception of the neutrino (which is neutral).
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In particle physics, majorons (named after Ettore Majorana) are a hypothetical type of Goldstone boson that are conjectured to mediate the neutrino mass violation of lepton number or B − L in certain high energy collisions such as e − + e − → W − + W − + J. Where two electrons collide to form two W bosons and the majoron J.