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Their experimental discovery was pivotal in establishing what is now called the Standard Model of particle physics. The W bosons are named after the weak force. The physicist Steven Weinberg named the additional particle the "Z particle", [4] and later gave the explanation that it was the last additional particle needed by the model. The W
W was earlier seen as a variant of v , and w as a letter (double-v) is still commonly replaced by v in speech (e.g. WC being pronounced as VC, www as VVV, WHO as VHO, etc.). The two letters were sorted as equals before w was officially recognized, and that practice is still recommended when sorting names in Sweden. [14]
This Latin alphabet was then forced to come up with a symbol to represent the sound of the “w.” According to GrammarPhobia, this 7th-century problem was remedied by the symbol “uu,” which ...
differential element of volume V enclosed by surface S: cubic meter (m 3) electric field: newton per coulomb (N⋅C −1), or equivalently, volt per meter (V⋅m −1) energy: joule (J) Young's modulus: pascal (Pa) or newton per square meter (N/m 2) eccentricity: unitless
During the 1970s and 1980s, intermediate vector bosons (the W and Z bosons, which mediate the weak interaction) drew much attention in particle physics. [1] [2] A pseudovector boson is a vector boson that has even parity, whereas "regular" vector bosons have odd parity. There are no fundamental pseudovector bosons, but there are pseudovector ...
At that time, the volt was defined as the potential difference [i.e., what is nowadays called the "voltage (difference)"] across a conductor when a current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power. The "international volt" was defined in 1893 as 1 ⁄ 1.434 of the emf of a Clark cell .
The electric charge Q, third component of weak isospin T 3 (also called T z, I 3 or I z) and weak hypercharge Y W are related by = +, (or by the alternative convention Q = T 3 + Y W). The first convention, used in this article, is equivalent to the earlier Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula .
The norm of a vector is represented with double bars on both sides of the vector. The norm of a vector v can be represented as: ‖ v ‖ {\displaystyle \|\mathbf {v} \|} The norm is also sometimes represented with single bars, like | v | {\displaystyle |\mathbf {v} |} , but this can be confused with absolute value (which is a type of norm).