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Quarks have fractional electric charge values – either (− 1 / 3 ) or (+ 2 / 3 ) times the elementary charge (e), depending on flavor. Up, charm, and top quarks (collectively referred to as up-type quarks) have a charge of + 2 / 3 e; down, strange, and bottom quarks (down-type quarks) have a charge of − 1 / 3 e.
All quarks are assigned a baryon number of 1 / 3 . Up, charm and top quarks have an electric charge of + 2 / 3 , while the down, strange, and bottom quarks have an electric charge of − 1 / 3 . Antiquarks have the opposite quantum numbers. Quarks are spin- 1 / 2 particles, and thus fermions. Each quark or antiquark ...
Charge quantization is the principle that the charge of any object is an integer multiple of the elementary charge. Thus, an object's charge can be exactly 0 e, or exactly 1 e, −1 e, 2 e, etc., but not 1 / 2 e, or −3.8 e, etc. (There may be exceptions to this statement, depending on how "object" is defined; see below.)
The positively charged quarks (up, charm, and top quarks) are called up-type quarks and have T 3 = + + 1 / 2 ; the negatively charged quarks (down, strange, and bottom quarks) are called down-type quarks and have T 3 = − + 1 / 2 . Each doublet of up and down type quarks constitutes one generation of quarks.
Quarks have fractional elementary electric charge (−1/3 or 2/3) [15] and leptons have whole-numbered electric charge (0 or -1). [16] Quarks also have color charge, which is labeled arbitrarily with no correlation to actual light color as red, green and blue. [17] Because the interactions between the quarks store energy which can convert to ...
Like all other quarks, the top quark is a fermion with spin-1/2 and participates in all four fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. It has an electric charge of + 2 / 3 e. It has a mass of 172.76 ± 0.3 GeV/c 2, [1] which is close to the rhenium atom mass.
Composite bosons (especially 2 quarks), in which case they are called mesons. Quark models , first proposed in 1964 independently by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig (who called quarks "aces"), describe the known hadrons as composed of valence quarks and/or antiquarks, tightly bound by the color force , which is mediated by gluons .
According to the 2022 Particle Physics Review, the charmed quark has a mass of 1.27 ± 0.02 GeV/c 2, [b] a charge of + 2 / 3 e, and a charm of +1. [10] The charm quark is more massive than the strange quark: the ratio between the masses of the two is about 11.76 +0.05 −0.10. [10] The CKM matrix describes the weak interaction of quarks ...